Process

FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling)

Updated August 2026
3D Printing Definition
Definition

FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling), also known as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), is an additive manufacturing method where a continuous spool of thermoplastic filament is heated to its melting point inside an extruder and pushed through a fine nozzle to build 3D objects layer by layer.

Core FDM Printing Mechanics

A direct drive or Bowden extruder pushes 1.75mm solid plastic filament into a heated hotend. The liquid polymer is extruded through a 0.4mm brass or hardened steel nozzle onto a heated build plate, fusing to previously deposited lines as it cools.

Material Versatility

FDM handles a massive spectrum of engineering and aesthetic thermoplastics, including biodegradable PLA, weather-resistant PETG, high-strength ABS, flexible TPU, and carbon fiber composites.

Estimating FDM Production Costs

FDM job pricing combines raw filament gram costs with machine run time depreciation. Optimized batch layouts maximize plate capacity, reducing setup costs and per-unit machine hours.

Calculate 3D Print Costs in Real Time

Estimate exact filament gram rates, machine hours, and profit margins for any MakerWorld design or 3MF/STL upload.

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